Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop within or on the surface of the ovaries. They are relatively common, especially during a woman’s reproductive years, and most are benign (non-cancerous) and self-limiting.

Types of Ovarian Cysts:

1. Functional cysts (most common):
   • Follicular cysts: Form when a follicle fails to release an egg.
   • Corpus luteum cysts: Occur when the follicle closes after releasing an egg and fluid accumulates inside.
2. Pathological cysts (less common, may require treatment):
   • Dermoid cysts (mature cystic teratomas): Contain tissue such as hair, fat, or bone.
   • Endometriomas: Related to endometriosis, often called “chocolate cysts.”
   • Cystadenomas: Develop from ovarian tissue, filled with watery or mucous material.

Symptoms:

• Many cysts are asymptomatic and found incidentally on ultrasound.
• When symptomatic, possible signs include:
• Pelvic pain or pressure
• Abdominal bloating or fullness
• Painful menstruation or intercourse
• Irregular cycles
• Acute pain if rupture or torsion occurs

Complications:

• Ovarian torsion (twisting, cutting off blood supply)
• Rupture (causing sudden severe pain and possible bleeding)
• Rarely, malignant transformation

Diagnosis:

• Ultrasound (primary tool to assess size, appearance, and complexity)
• Blood tests (e.g., CA-125 in select cases)
• Clinical history and physical examination