Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop within or on the surface of the ovaries. They are relatively common, especially during a woman’s reproductive years, and most are benign (non-cancerous) and self-limiting.
Types of Ovarian Cysts:
- Functional cysts (most common):
- Follicular cysts: Form when a follicle fails to release an egg.
- Corpus luteum cysts: Occur when the follicle closes after releasing an egg and fluid accumulates inside.
- Pathological cysts (less common, may require treatment):
- Dermoid cysts (mature cystic teratomas): Contain tissue such as hair, fat, or bone.
- Endometriomas: Related to endometriosis, often called “chocolate cysts.”
- Cystadenomas: Develop from ovarian tissue, filled with watery or mucous material.
Symptoms:
- Many cysts are asymptomatic and found incidentally on ultrasound.
- When symptomatic, possible signs include:
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Abdominal bloating or fullness
- Painful menstruation or intercourse
- Irregular cycles
- Acute pain if rupture or torsion occurs
Complications:
- Ovarian torsion (twisting, cutting off blood supply)
- Rupture (causing sudden severe pain and possible bleeding)
- Rarely, malignant transformation
Diagnosis:
- Ultrasound (primary tool to assess size, appearance, and complexity)
- Blood tests (e.g., CA-125 in select cases)
- Clinical history and physical examination
